The development of today's shows at the more rapid changes in all areas of life, a result of the effects of globalization and the development of information technology is accelerating. This condition clearly has resulted in the need for new ways of dealing with all that happened to keep survive. Emphasis will be increasingly important quality of human resources is one of the response in dealing with these changes, and this of course requires efforts to enhance and develop human resources.
In relation to the role of science become more prominent, because only with the Knowledge of all the changes that occur can be addressed appropriately. This means that education plays an important role in preparing qualified human resources and competitive. Tight global competition, especially in the economic field has made organizations rethink their business management strategies, and quality human resources with the mastery of knowledge become an important choice that must be done within the context of the
Knowledge has become something very decisive, therefore the acquisition and utilization need to be managed well in the context of improving organizational performance. This step is seen as something that is very strategic in the face of globalized competition, so that the neglect would be a disaster for the business world, and therefore needed a way which can integrate this knowledge within the framework of human resource development in organizations. From this evolved the term knowledge management as an important and strategic part in the management of human resources at the company / organization.
Knowledge is an individual property, but can be utilized by the organization while providing autonomy to the individual's development. In this connection, studying and learning becomes a key word in the knowledge capacity, thus making the individual as a learner is a necessary condition as part of efforts to improve organizational performance through organizational processes pengintegrasiannya. For that organizations need to develop itself into a learning organization, because only in such conditions the individual / employee can actually be human learners.
Importance of Learning Organization has long been a concern of the expert organization, especially since the publication of a book by Peter Senge "The Fifth Discipline" in 1990, besides that both organizations, business organizations and non-business also has tried to develop the concept in their efforts to make the organization competitive , and in that context, knowledge management becomes very important, because with proper management can be a formidable competitive force that is required once in the current global developments. This will be presented following the meaning of knowledge management by using the main reference book written by Christina Evans, entitled Managing for Knowledge HR's Strategic Role.
Managing Knowledge
Life in the information age where knowledge is seen as a strategic business asset requires knowledge management efforts in order to push for business development. Knowledge assets include:
· Asset structural
· Brand
· Relations with customers
· Patents
· Products
· Process operation
· Human assets include:
o The experience of employees
o Skills employees
o personal Relationships
Knowledge has become the primary business asset is driven by changes in technology and in global business. These changes have been made in human resource management orientation that focused on the tangible assets of attention shifted more focused on the intangible assets. This also means that the comparative advantage of Natural Resources based in the business of shifting the competitive advantage based on the quality of human resources, and in this context that knowledge becomes a very important asset in the management / human resource management.
Knowledge, according to Davenport is a liquid mixture of experience, values, contextual information, and expertise that provide the framework for assessing thinking and integrate experiences and new information. This means that knowledge is different from the information, so information in case of knowledge processes such as benchmarking, consequences, linking, and conversation. Knowledge can be divided into four types namely, a). knowledge of something; b) knowledge about doing something, c). knowledge to be yourself; and d). knowledge about how to work with others. Medium level of knowledge can be divided into three namely: 1) knowing how to implement; 2). Mengetahuai how to improve; and 3). Knowing how to integrate.
With the understanding of such knowledge, then knowledge management can be defined as follows: "the process of translating the lessons learned, which is in the self / mind of someone into information that can be used every person". In this context of professional human resource management view of knowledge as a guarantee obtained penngetahuan developed together with others in the organization. Thus, knowledge of the organization are fully available by providing the right environment, culture, structures and processes to motivate and encourage the sharing of knowledge at every level within the organization. So the main theme of manajemden knowledge is as follows:
o Learning
o Developing / sharing
o Placement of people in the right place and right time
o Making effective decisions
o Creativity
o Create a job so much easier
o Encouraging the growth of new businesses and business value
The stages in the development of knowledge management in organizations is as follows:
o Knowledge-chaotic (did not realize the concept, no process information, and no sharing of information)
o Knowledge-aware (aware of the need for knowledge management, knowledge management processes adabeberapa, there is technology, there is the issue of sharing information)
o Knowledge-enabled (use of knowledge management, standards adopted, issues relating to culture and technology)
o Knowledge-managed (integrated framework, realize the benefits, issues resolved in the previous stage)
o Knowledge-centric (knowledge management is part of the mission, the value of knowledge is recognized in the market capitalization, integrated knowledge management in the culture)
For organizations seeking to implement knowledge management within the organization need to realize first, that knowledge is in people and not on the system, although the system has the data and information that could assist the process of knowledge. Second, the creation of knowledge is a social process, created through the interaction between individuals in everyday life they are.
Jumat, 30 Oktober 2009
10 Things That are Important in Management
Here are 10 commands related to the management of individuals and companies as well as relationships with other individuals.
1. Earnings (profit) and return on capital (return on investment)
Both short term and long-term management is the god that leads you from mediocrity barren land, bankruptcy, and dissolution, to get out of the failure.
2. Remember the tall pillars of excellence in management
The need for careful planning, consideration and sound decision making, implementation and monitoring of decisions and the operation carefully and creatively, as well as concern for the employees and the results, which are based on management skills and first class management style. These skills include planning, organizing, staff development, decision making, budgeting, innovation, communication, representation, control, direction and motivation, personal relationships.
3. Being a model figure
To be a role model, you can not swear falsely, must be loyal, and do not cheat to your colleagues, especially to the company or profession.
4. Respect your superiors and colleagues
Honor them, whether it is your mentor, your boss, your peers, your subordinates, and colleagues-kolegas you. So you will be more durable in the company, rank, and executive positions. You will be respected as individuals who are loyal.
5. Should not be jealous
You should not envy the position, salary, companies, offices, staff, or resources your colleagues or competitors. But learn from them and from the state so that you can go and win in the struggle to rise faster.
6. Do not submit false witness
Never submit false witness against them in or outside the company. You also may not menfitnah, pollute, a reversal of the fact-intregitas personal, professional. Organizational also be upheld.
7. Not steal, bribe, or bribed
That means you should not accept the gift given in anticipation of help now or in the future, should not be falsified expense records, results or facts or hide the numbers and safety tests or performance tests. Once you do, your history's over.
8. Do not kill new ideas
If you kill a new idea, then you also kill the innovative approach or an unusual approach, killing actions leave the status quo or question the status quo, but should encourage questioning attitude, an attitude of creative, risk-taking attitude, and innovative attitude.
9. Not leave a feeling of humanity
You are also required sensitive and caring toward other people, organizations, communities, and nations. Whatever your level of success within the organization, you should be able to see yourself in the mirror in your relationship with the primary role as a human being.
10. Do not stop fighting
Until whenever you do not ever stop fighting. It is useful to achieve perfection of yourself, your colleagues and your organization in various aspects of art and science of management.
Now, the 10 commandments of the above can be interpreted and applied in a narrow or broad depending on the situation, organizations, and individuals involved. The commands are given guidelines and signposts in the face of complexity and the challenges, opportunities, and satisfaction inherent in today's modern management. Well if you want to succeed, there's nothing wrong obey the 10 commandments of management. Or you have other tips ...?
The term Administration and Management
In the event the work we do every day, whether consciously or not, we are always presented with two very popular term that is, the administration and management. As a small example, where when we do the maintenance of the documents (paper work) in the institutions, agencies, or offices that are usually at government offices, we will always be asked for compensation for the making of such paperwork with the term 'administrative costs', or for example when we will examined at the Hospital, then we will be asked to take care of first administration, which meant for patient registration and payment of medical expenses. Then when there was a factory worker who asked THR will be asked to wait for decisions from management and others.
So if a term is introduced to us already have the appropriate limits, so we truly understand the meaning and the difference between tatausaha administration, and management or administration. Because some of Bachelor of Administrative Sciences as Henry Fayol, someone mentioned him as Father of Administration scientifically, and some are saying he is the Father of Management scientifically-, Cyril O'Donell, and other GRTerry not provide a clear conception of the difference between the two. So the following I will try to give the formulation of these two terms that can reduce the deviation of understanding between the two.
1. Administration to Administration (Administration to Administratie) Administration comes from Latin word "ad" and "ministrare" which means to help, serve or fulfill. In English is "Administration", which remains used in Indonesian and translated into Administration. However, because for about 350 years of Dutch colonized Indonesia, then a lot of terms used terinfiltrasi Dutch into Indonesian, one example is the "Administratie" Pariatra according to Westra et al, the definition is the compilation Every information in a systematic and written records with the intent to obtain an overview of the information in its entirety and in relation to one another. In the Indonesian language, the understanding is essentially the notion of Tatausaha. According to the author's point of view, that it is a Tatausaha data collection and recording of information and systematically carried out in an organization to produce the required collection of information. So now can be understood, that the activities were included in tatausaha elements in the sense luasdan Administration is not a factor from the administration. Thus, if the activity is intended tatausaha activities, we should not use the term administration to avoid bias between these two terms.
2. Administration with Management (Administration to Management) As stated in the previous point, that the administration used the term until now are in English, the "administration". Some experts Administration defines different but literally have the same purpose. As according Leonald D. White, that the administration is a process that is usually found in all business groups, whether government or private business, whether civilian or military in small or large scale. Another well as by Herbert A. Simon, who in a broad sense is defined as the activities of a group of people who work together to achieve common goals. Then after a few revisions and improvements along with Drs. Sutarto, Drs. The Liang Gie administration defines as the entire circuit arrangement of the main work done by groups of people in the partnership achieving certain goals. Of some definitions, then the writer has its own restrictions on the definition of administration, namely: a process of business arrangements that arise when two or more people who have the same goal which then interact in an organization, a joint venture with using the tools and resources may be limited.
The scope of administrative activities is very broad, ie the entire process from determining the shape and goals of the organization, how to achieve goals, whoever is responsible for implementing these objectives, the implementation of process control, until the instrument or how to leverage limited resources. Basically, the scope of activities of this business arrangement is part of other disciplines, therefore the administration of science activities is limited only to the activities of the organization or execution of it-that direpresentatifkan with the business arrangement. Thus also, it can be concluded that the administrative activities in the strict sense is an activity undertaken by the administrators (directors) and in terms of breadth is the overall activities of the organization.
However, recently, the term administration is obscured by the term management, because of quick activities almost the same both in the constellation of the organization. Even some expert opinions Administration in the United States and England did not differentiate the two terms with the firm. Drs. Usman Tampubolon never give limits to two terms in the article entitled Development of Administrative Sciences (1974:17), when viewed from the point of the history of these terms as follows: that there are 2 levels of language known in the days of old Greek, the language of the The nobles, aristocrats, politicians, statesmen and rough language, the language of common people, traders, stevedore, and other coarse language of this latter is used by people who are living on the outskirts of the city then known as Italian. To interpret an effort led by the periphery (Italy) is called "maneggiare". As for The aristocrats, politicians, and statesmen for the same purpose the term "administrare". Overlap or confusion of this term is still followed today. To provide a clear distinction of the term, CPA (Central Development Administration) put the administration in a position with broad boundaries, and management is part of the administration. According to CPA, the administration is the whole process of organization or arrangement the main tasks of a business cooperation in a group of people towards a common goal. And limiting management as one of the only enterprise in terms of limiting the direct leadership of the people who work follows the direction of facilities so that all may go well. Regarding management, Koontz and O'Donnell gave a definition that management is trying to get things done with the efforts of others. GR Terry also later expressed his opinion that the management is to achieve a predetermined goal through the efforts of others. From this opinion, clearly the essence of management is to control activities and the utilization of available resources and conducted by a manager (leader). According to the author's view, that management is an activity and efforts to control the resources available in order to produce the effective and efficient.
So if a term is introduced to us already have the appropriate limits, so we truly understand the meaning and the difference between tatausaha administration, and management or administration. Because some of Bachelor of Administrative Sciences as Henry Fayol, someone mentioned him as Father of Administration scientifically, and some are saying he is the Father of Management scientifically-, Cyril O'Donell, and other GRTerry not provide a clear conception of the difference between the two. So the following I will try to give the formulation of these two terms that can reduce the deviation of understanding between the two.
1. Administration to Administration (Administration to Administratie) Administration comes from Latin word "ad" and "ministrare" which means to help, serve or fulfill. In English is "Administration", which remains used in Indonesian and translated into Administration. However, because for about 350 years of Dutch colonized Indonesia, then a lot of terms used terinfiltrasi Dutch into Indonesian, one example is the "Administratie" Pariatra according to Westra et al, the definition is the compilation Every information in a systematic and written records with the intent to obtain an overview of the information in its entirety and in relation to one another. In the Indonesian language, the understanding is essentially the notion of Tatausaha. According to the author's point of view, that it is a Tatausaha data collection and recording of information and systematically carried out in an organization to produce the required collection of information. So now can be understood, that the activities were included in tatausaha elements in the sense luasdan Administration is not a factor from the administration. Thus, if the activity is intended tatausaha activities, we should not use the term administration to avoid bias between these two terms.
2. Administration with Management (Administration to Management) As stated in the previous point, that the administration used the term until now are in English, the "administration". Some experts Administration defines different but literally have the same purpose. As according Leonald D. White, that the administration is a process that is usually found in all business groups, whether government or private business, whether civilian or military in small or large scale. Another well as by Herbert A. Simon, who in a broad sense is defined as the activities of a group of people who work together to achieve common goals. Then after a few revisions and improvements along with Drs. Sutarto, Drs. The Liang Gie administration defines as the entire circuit arrangement of the main work done by groups of people in the partnership achieving certain goals. Of some definitions, then the writer has its own restrictions on the definition of administration, namely: a process of business arrangements that arise when two or more people who have the same goal which then interact in an organization, a joint venture with using the tools and resources may be limited.
The scope of administrative activities is very broad, ie the entire process from determining the shape and goals of the organization, how to achieve goals, whoever is responsible for implementing these objectives, the implementation of process control, until the instrument or how to leverage limited resources. Basically, the scope of activities of this business arrangement is part of other disciplines, therefore the administration of science activities is limited only to the activities of the organization or execution of it-that direpresentatifkan with the business arrangement. Thus also, it can be concluded that the administrative activities in the strict sense is an activity undertaken by the administrators (directors) and in terms of breadth is the overall activities of the organization.
However, recently, the term administration is obscured by the term management, because of quick activities almost the same both in the constellation of the organization. Even some expert opinions Administration in the United States and England did not differentiate the two terms with the firm. Drs. Usman Tampubolon never give limits to two terms in the article entitled Development of Administrative Sciences (1974:17), when viewed from the point of the history of these terms as follows: that there are 2 levels of language known in the days of old Greek, the language of the The nobles, aristocrats, politicians, statesmen and rough language, the language of common people, traders, stevedore, and other coarse language of this latter is used by people who are living on the outskirts of the city then known as Italian. To interpret an effort led by the periphery (Italy) is called "maneggiare". As for The aristocrats, politicians, and statesmen for the same purpose the term "administrare". Overlap or confusion of this term is still followed today. To provide a clear distinction of the term, CPA (Central Development Administration) put the administration in a position with broad boundaries, and management is part of the administration. According to CPA, the administration is the whole process of organization or arrangement the main tasks of a business cooperation in a group of people towards a common goal. And limiting management as one of the only enterprise in terms of limiting the direct leadership of the people who work follows the direction of facilities so that all may go well. Regarding management, Koontz and O'Donnell gave a definition that management is trying to get things done with the efforts of others. GR Terry also later expressed his opinion that the management is to achieve a predetermined goal through the efforts of others. From this opinion, clearly the essence of management is to control activities and the utilization of available resources and conducted by a manager (leader). According to the author's view, that management is an activity and efforts to control the resources available in order to produce the effective and efficient.
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